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Soutenance
Du 5 décembre 2014 au 15 décembre 2014
Jury :
Summary: Central banks practices have gradually adjusted, since the 90s, to the fundamental principles of the New synthesis, and converged towards a normalization that has proved its worth. On one hand, this normalization is based on the doctrine of price stability, under the form of an inflation targeting system. On the other hand, it is supplemented with practices intended to enhance credibility and transparency. In addition, and because of its theoretical coherence, the DSGE representation of the economy adopted by the New Synthesis also emerged as a central analytical framework for monetary policy, particularly suitable for scenario analyzes and for generating forecasts of variables of interest. At the same time, central banks have tried to promote a stable financial environment, through their role as lender of last resort. And thanks to the principle of market efficiency, the use of monetary policy in the face of speculative bubbles has been limited. However, the concept of financial stability has been lacking a consensual definition, leading to a proliferation of methodologies for quantifying risk, preventing crisis and evaluating the financial system. The 2007 crisis has challenged this emerging consensus. First, the onset of the financial turmoil, in an environment of price stability, seemed to invalidate the theoretical principles of monetary policy. Then, the adoption of a series of so-called unconventional monetary policy measures, upon reaching the zero lower bound, exposed the inadequacy of conventional monetary policy instruments, in order to counter the crisis and encourage a sustainable recovery. Finally, the residual treatment of the financial sector in the canonical NK model failed to capture the regularities of the business cycle, the financial vulnerability, the lack of liquidity and the procyclicality of financial systems. Critics of the New synthesis focused on specific assumptions, rather than on the framework itself. Therefore, the relevance of the NK framework still seems appropriate, because of its unique capability of absorbing various theories which may initially seem irreconcilable. Thanks to the introduction of money and the possibility of default, the modeling of an active banking sector helped understand the changes in the shocks transmission mechanism, and enabled the introduction of multiple interest rates. Similarly, the interbank market role has been addressed in order to investigate the erosion of confidence, the drying up of liquidity and the impact on the financing of the economy. Finally, the multiple dimensions of unconventional monetary policies have been incorporated in order to assess their effectiveness, and to identify the transmission mechanisms. However, there is no microeconomically based representation general enough to capture, in a logic and parsimonious way, the majority of the financial characteristics. The crisis has also helped to draw lessons about the financial sector, with regards to its role in terms of increased economic non-linearities, the negative impact of the zero lower bound, and the questioning of the Schwartz hypothesis. By highlighting the links between monetary and macroprudential policies, the crisis has then invalidated the dichotomy principle adopted until now. These new guidelines are, however, not entirely clear. Indeed, the economic recovery management and the impact of austerity measures create new challenges: a stagnation risk similar to the one that hit Japan; a return to highly leveraged maturity transformation practices; and blurry central banks exit strategies.
- M. Jean Pierre ALLEGRET (Rapporteur), Professeur des Universités, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
- M. Nicolas MOUMNI (Rapporteur), Maître de Conférences, Habilitée à Diriger les Recherches, Université de Picardie
- M. Rédouane TAOUIL (Directeur de thèse), Professeur des Universités, Université Pierre Mendès-France, Grenoble 2
- M. Fathallah OUALALOU, Professeur, Université Mohammed V Rabat-Agdal
- M. Pierre BERTHAUD (membre), Maître de Conférences, Habilitée à Diriger les Recherches, Université Pierre Mendès-France, Grenoble 2.
- M. Mohamed SOUAL, Chef économiste, Groupe OCP
Summary: Central banks practices have gradually adjusted, since the 90s, to the fundamental principles of the New synthesis, and converged towards a normalization that has proved its worth. On one hand, this normalization is based on the doctrine of price stability, under the form of an inflation targeting system. On the other hand, it is supplemented with practices intended to enhance credibility and transparency. In addition, and because of its theoretical coherence, the DSGE representation of the economy adopted by the New Synthesis also emerged as a central analytical framework for monetary policy, particularly suitable for scenario analyzes and for generating forecasts of variables of interest. At the same time, central banks have tried to promote a stable financial environment, through their role as lender of last resort. And thanks to the principle of market efficiency, the use of monetary policy in the face of speculative bubbles has been limited. However, the concept of financial stability has been lacking a consensual definition, leading to a proliferation of methodologies for quantifying risk, preventing crisis and evaluating the financial system. The 2007 crisis has challenged this emerging consensus. First, the onset of the financial turmoil, in an environment of price stability, seemed to invalidate the theoretical principles of monetary policy. Then, the adoption of a series of so-called unconventional monetary policy measures, upon reaching the zero lower bound, exposed the inadequacy of conventional monetary policy instruments, in order to counter the crisis and encourage a sustainable recovery. Finally, the residual treatment of the financial sector in the canonical NK model failed to capture the regularities of the business cycle, the financial vulnerability, the lack of liquidity and the procyclicality of financial systems. Critics of the New synthesis focused on specific assumptions, rather than on the framework itself. Therefore, the relevance of the NK framework still seems appropriate, because of its unique capability of absorbing various theories which may initially seem irreconcilable. Thanks to the introduction of money and the possibility of default, the modeling of an active banking sector helped understand the changes in the shocks transmission mechanism, and enabled the introduction of multiple interest rates. Similarly, the interbank market role has been addressed in order to investigate the erosion of confidence, the drying up of liquidity and the impact on the financing of the economy. Finally, the multiple dimensions of unconventional monetary policies have been incorporated in order to assess their effectiveness, and to identify the transmission mechanisms. However, there is no microeconomically based representation general enough to capture, in a logic and parsimonious way, the majority of the financial characteristics. The crisis has also helped to draw lessons about the financial sector, with regards to its role in terms of increased economic non-linearities, the negative impact of the zero lower bound, and the questioning of the Schwartz hypothesis. By highlighting the links between monetary and macroprudential policies, the crisis has then invalidated the dichotomy principle adopted until now. These new guidelines are, however, not entirely clear. Indeed, the economic recovery management and the impact of austerity measures create new challenges: a stagnation risk similar to the one that hit Japan; a return to highly leveraged maturity transformation practices; and blurry central banks exit strategies.
Date
Du 5 décembre 2014 au 15 décembre 2014
Complément date
14h
Localisation
Complément lieu
Salle 110, Bateg
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