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Soutenance
Le 25 février 2015
La valeur ajoutée de la normalisation : étude du cas Total EP dans l’amont pétrolier
Jury :
Abstract : Standardization activities are dedicated to the elaboration of rules which are used to prescribe practices through obligations of results (product characteristics) or obligations of means (production processes characteristics). These rules can be elaborated by firms or by industry associations (usually named « standards » in the firms). Our study contributes to answer two economic questions of the oil upstream industry. The first one concerns the measurement of the added value of the use of industry standards in the elaboration of the firm references documents collections (its technical specifications). These specifications are used within the firm and by its purchasers or service providers. The second question is related to the different types of standardizations (inside firms or at industry level) and the idea that industry standardization is a tool to organize concurrency of the market in the oil industry. The main ambition of our study is both quantitative (what are the costs and gains of standardization) and qualitative (what is the standardization activity in the competition strategies of firm contribution). This context encourages Total E&P – under the leadership of Daniel Rioche (standardization coordinator at the beginning of this PhD) – to work on this subject in order to answer two interrogations: − Does the standardization strategy need to be boosted, maintained at the same level, or mitigated? What is the “right level”? − Which standardization modalities need to be supported or developed (which organizations, level: internal or external to the firm)? Moreover we use economic theories of quality and industrial organizations to argue that there is no only one good standardization strategy but strategies that must be adapted to each productive context. The theory of the “monde de production” [Salais, Storper: 1993] gives us a differentiation between four situations that can be used for upstream oil industry. The answer to the Total E&P needs on the management of its standardization activities, we demonstrate that these activities have a direct impact on the economic performances of the firm. Firstly, the use of standards is essential to produce efficiently, safely (without accident) for many years and often essential in order to access natural resources. Secondly the identification of the main sources of standardization benefits, in addition to the conventionalist analyze of quality and of the “mondes de production” help us to identify four productive interfaces for which a mix of standardization (with internal and external standardization) is more adapted. Finally the prevention of risks (that can be very expensive), and more globally the quality management, is positively impacted by industrial standardization. By testing these hypotheses on firm data for gas turbines case study, we show that standardization with frame agreements gives a 2% extra oil production (due to a better reliability of equipments used for oil production). In addition to quality gains, standardization can help to manage costs (CAPEX and OPEX). We have estimated that the gain is over 10.5% of the global equipment costs (0.5% for CAPEX and 13% for OPEX). Nevertheless, these gains cannot and should not be transposed to other case studies because, as the institutionalism theory and the conventionalism theory explain, the interrogation about the benefits of standardization cannot be completely resolved because of, on one hand, the diversity of standard types and to the diversity of production situations on the other hand.
- Mr Jean-Pierre CHANTEAU (Directeur de thèse), Maître de Conférence HDR, Université Grenoble 2
- Mr Michel CAPRON, (Rapporteur), Professeur émérite, Université Paris 8
- Mr Bernard BAUDRY, (Rapporteur), Professeur, Université Lyon 2
- Mr Daniel RIOCHE (Examinateur), Docteur, Total EP
Abstract : Standardization activities are dedicated to the elaboration of rules which are used to prescribe practices through obligations of results (product characteristics) or obligations of means (production processes characteristics). These rules can be elaborated by firms or by industry associations (usually named « standards » in the firms). Our study contributes to answer two economic questions of the oil upstream industry. The first one concerns the measurement of the added value of the use of industry standards in the elaboration of the firm references documents collections (its technical specifications). These specifications are used within the firm and by its purchasers or service providers. The second question is related to the different types of standardizations (inside firms or at industry level) and the idea that industry standardization is a tool to organize concurrency of the market in the oil industry. The main ambition of our study is both quantitative (what are the costs and gains of standardization) and qualitative (what is the standardization activity in the competition strategies of firm contribution). This context encourages Total E&P – under the leadership of Daniel Rioche (standardization coordinator at the beginning of this PhD) – to work on this subject in order to answer two interrogations: − Does the standardization strategy need to be boosted, maintained at the same level, or mitigated? What is the “right level”? − Which standardization modalities need to be supported or developed (which organizations, level: internal or external to the firm)? Moreover we use economic theories of quality and industrial organizations to argue that there is no only one good standardization strategy but strategies that must be adapted to each productive context. The theory of the “monde de production” [Salais, Storper: 1993] gives us a differentiation between four situations that can be used for upstream oil industry. The answer to the Total E&P needs on the management of its standardization activities, we demonstrate that these activities have a direct impact on the economic performances of the firm. Firstly, the use of standards is essential to produce efficiently, safely (without accident) for many years and often essential in order to access natural resources. Secondly the identification of the main sources of standardization benefits, in addition to the conventionalist analyze of quality and of the “mondes de production” help us to identify four productive interfaces for which a mix of standardization (with internal and external standardization) is more adapted. Finally the prevention of risks (that can be very expensive), and more globally the quality management, is positively impacted by industrial standardization. By testing these hypotheses on firm data for gas turbines case study, we show that standardization with frame agreements gives a 2% extra oil production (due to a better reliability of equipments used for oil production). In addition to quality gains, standardization can help to manage costs (CAPEX and OPEX). We have estimated that the gain is over 10.5% of the global equipment costs (0.5% for CAPEX and 13% for OPEX). Nevertheless, these gains cannot and should not be transposed to other case studies because, as the institutionalism theory and the conventionalism theory explain, the interrogation about the benefits of standardization cannot be completely resolved because of, on one hand, the diversity of standard types and to the diversity of production situations on the other hand.
Date
Le 25 février 2015
Complément date
10h
Localisation
Complément lieu
Salle 110, Bateg
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