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Soutenance
Le 4 décembre 2014
La politique monétaire dans les modèles économétriques : primat de la théorie sur l'empirie
Jury :
Abstract : the purpose of this thesis is to show the primacy of the theory over the empirics and prove that econometrics cannot be decisive to question the theory. For this, we rely on the limits of econometrics highlighted in discussions of monetary policy since the 1960s. We adopt an approach based on epistemological arguments to show that these debates go beyond the cleavage theory/empirics and that they integrate a difference of vision as to the usefulness of an empirical model. The research program of the Cowles Commission was formed around a particular articulation of three fundamental elements: a theoretical repository of Keynes' General Theory, a formal model based on the relative consensus on the IS-LM diagram and econometric techniques to estimate the parameters of this model. It is the nature and the degree of interdependence between these three elements that are contested by the monetarists and supporters of the VAR modeling. While Keynesians make a clear distinction between the theoretical model and the estimated model, this distinction is not clear and does not seem relevant to the monetarists. They focus on the predictive ability of the estimated model from the observed data. In contrast, Keynesians emphasize the theoretical coherence and the explanatory power of the theoretical model. Furthermore, they conceive exogeneity as a necessary form of restriction imposed to the parameters for the identification of the structural form of the model. Sims (1980) criticizes the structural models of the Cowles Commission for including too many theoretical hypotheses empirically untested. He proposes to review the exogeneity assumptions and the presence of causality through direct and specific econometric tests. However, the empirical indeterminacy of causality in a VAR, linked to the problem of observational equivalence (Basmann, 1965), requires the adoption of an identification scheme on the basis of a theoretical a priori to identify the monetary policy shocks. This is an extreme case of the problem of under-determination of theory by data raised by the Duhem-Quine thesis (Duhem 1906, Quine, 1951). Thus, the evolution of the VAR model leads to a paradoxical situation, where Sims refers to the notion of causal chain introduced by Wold 7 (1954) to justify the identification restrictions imposed on contemporary innovations. Furthermore, Hoover (2009) notes that the impulse response analysis in a VAR provides a good example of what Cartwright (2007) calls “counterfactual impostor”. The development of the Error Correction Models in the tradition of the London School of Economics (LSE) (Hendry, 1995) and cointegrated VAR models (Engle and Granger, 1987) has renewed the analysis of monetarist proposals highlighting the shortcomings of traditional econometric techniques (Nelsson and Plosser, 1982). However, these dynamic models also face the problem of identification which requires the use of a theoretical a priori. The links between the proposals for cointégration, the notions of long-term equilibrium and short term disequilibrium are rarely interpreted in the context of a rigorous and fully specified theoretical model. However, according to Faust and Leeper (1994), the identification of a model by imposing constraints may not be fruitful when economic theory does not provide sufficient restrictions on the variables of interest or does not clearly distinguish the short-term and long-term dynamics. In the same way, Faust and Whiteman (1997) note the absence of an arbitration criterion in the approach of the London School of Economics (LSE) apparent in the presence of conflict between the theoretical principle and the adjustment to the data; otherwise subordination of the theory to the econometrics. Alongside the issue of identification, the Lucas critique (1976) is the second fundamental criticism facing the use of econometric models to study the monetary policy. Despite the lack of conclusive empirical evidence (Ericsson, Irons, 1995), this critique has had a devastating impact on research in econometric modeling following the tradition of the Cowles Commission as well as the one of the VAR models. As a result of this criticism, Lucas (1980, 1986) adopts a new epistemological posture considering the theoretical model as a 'fiction' or 'imitation' of the economy and not as a set of proposals on the behavior of a real economy. He opposes the traditional view of the equilibrium where it is performed only in the long term and supports the idea of explaining the behavior of the cycle in terms of discipline of equilibrium (Lucas, 1977). The precedence theory, which underlies this criticism, has led to a renew of the monetary policy within the research program framework of the New Classics. The vulnerability of the VAR methodology to the Lucas critique has been highlighted by Benati and Surico (2009) who demonstrated the superiority of a DSGE model with respect to a structural VAR (SVAR) in evaluating the effect of a change in monetary policy rule. The DSGE models, that constitute the fundamental models of the New Synthesis theory, are strongly influenced by Lucas’ methodology and are a continuity of the RBC models (Taouil, 2011). Benati and Surico consider that the use of SVAR cannot always properly identify a change in monetary policy rule. This failure is a direct consequence of inter-equation restrictions imposed by the rational expectations hypothesis, initially raised by Sargent's critics (1979).
- M. Jean Pierre ALLEGRET (Rapporteur), Professeur des Universités, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
- Mme Jézabel COUPPEY-SOUBEYRAN (Rapporteur), Maître de Conférences, Habilitée à Diriger les Recherches, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
- M. Guéliffo HOUNTONDJI (Membre), Professeur des Universités, Université Pierre Mendès-France, Grenoble 2
- M. Rédouane TAOUIL (Directeur de thèse), Professeur des Universités, Université Pierre Mendès-France, Grenoble 2.
Abstract : the purpose of this thesis is to show the primacy of the theory over the empirics and prove that econometrics cannot be decisive to question the theory. For this, we rely on the limits of econometrics highlighted in discussions of monetary policy since the 1960s. We adopt an approach based on epistemological arguments to show that these debates go beyond the cleavage theory/empirics and that they integrate a difference of vision as to the usefulness of an empirical model. The research program of the Cowles Commission was formed around a particular articulation of three fundamental elements: a theoretical repository of Keynes' General Theory, a formal model based on the relative consensus on the IS-LM diagram and econometric techniques to estimate the parameters of this model. It is the nature and the degree of interdependence between these three elements that are contested by the monetarists and supporters of the VAR modeling. While Keynesians make a clear distinction between the theoretical model and the estimated model, this distinction is not clear and does not seem relevant to the monetarists. They focus on the predictive ability of the estimated model from the observed data. In contrast, Keynesians emphasize the theoretical coherence and the explanatory power of the theoretical model. Furthermore, they conceive exogeneity as a necessary form of restriction imposed to the parameters for the identification of the structural form of the model. Sims (1980) criticizes the structural models of the Cowles Commission for including too many theoretical hypotheses empirically untested. He proposes to review the exogeneity assumptions and the presence of causality through direct and specific econometric tests. However, the empirical indeterminacy of causality in a VAR, linked to the problem of observational equivalence (Basmann, 1965), requires the adoption of an identification scheme on the basis of a theoretical a priori to identify the monetary policy shocks. This is an extreme case of the problem of under-determination of theory by data raised by the Duhem-Quine thesis (Duhem 1906, Quine, 1951). Thus, the evolution of the VAR model leads to a paradoxical situation, where Sims refers to the notion of causal chain introduced by Wold 7 (1954) to justify the identification restrictions imposed on contemporary innovations. Furthermore, Hoover (2009) notes that the impulse response analysis in a VAR provides a good example of what Cartwright (2007) calls “counterfactual impostor”. The development of the Error Correction Models in the tradition of the London School of Economics (LSE) (Hendry, 1995) and cointegrated VAR models (Engle and Granger, 1987) has renewed the analysis of monetarist proposals highlighting the shortcomings of traditional econometric techniques (Nelsson and Plosser, 1982). However, these dynamic models also face the problem of identification which requires the use of a theoretical a priori. The links between the proposals for cointégration, the notions of long-term equilibrium and short term disequilibrium are rarely interpreted in the context of a rigorous and fully specified theoretical model. However, according to Faust and Leeper (1994), the identification of a model by imposing constraints may not be fruitful when economic theory does not provide sufficient restrictions on the variables of interest or does not clearly distinguish the short-term and long-term dynamics. In the same way, Faust and Whiteman (1997) note the absence of an arbitration criterion in the approach of the London School of Economics (LSE) apparent in the presence of conflict between the theoretical principle and the adjustment to the data; otherwise subordination of the theory to the econometrics. Alongside the issue of identification, the Lucas critique (1976) is the second fundamental criticism facing the use of econometric models to study the monetary policy. Despite the lack of conclusive empirical evidence (Ericsson, Irons, 1995), this critique has had a devastating impact on research in econometric modeling following the tradition of the Cowles Commission as well as the one of the VAR models. As a result of this criticism, Lucas (1980, 1986) adopts a new epistemological posture considering the theoretical model as a 'fiction' or 'imitation' of the economy and not as a set of proposals on the behavior of a real economy. He opposes the traditional view of the equilibrium where it is performed only in the long term and supports the idea of explaining the behavior of the cycle in terms of discipline of equilibrium (Lucas, 1977). The precedence theory, which underlies this criticism, has led to a renew of the monetary policy within the research program framework of the New Classics. The vulnerability of the VAR methodology to the Lucas critique has been highlighted by Benati and Surico (2009) who demonstrated the superiority of a DSGE model with respect to a structural VAR (SVAR) in evaluating the effect of a change in monetary policy rule. The DSGE models, that constitute the fundamental models of the New Synthesis theory, are strongly influenced by Lucas’ methodology and are a continuity of the RBC models (Taouil, 2011). Benati and Surico consider that the use of SVAR cannot always properly identify a change in monetary policy rule. This failure is a direct consequence of inter-equation restrictions imposed by the rational expectations hypothesis, initially raised by Sargent's critics (1979).
Date
Le 4 décembre 2014
Complément date
9h
Localisation
Complément lieu
Salle 110, Bateg
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